Bladder Cancer
Medically reviewed by Mr. Harshawardhan Godbole, MS, MCh, FRCS.Ed, DNB(Urol), FRCS(Urol)
Last medically reviewed: 30 April 2026
Last updated: 30 April 2026
The urinary bladder is a reservoir in the urinary tract with elastic capacity to distend and contract so that urine can be stored and expelled when socially acceptable. The bladder has layers in its structure, and this can be the origin of cancers. Commonest bladder cancer arises from the innermost layer called urothelium.
Bladder Cancer — available at 8 HRG clinics
Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer
The list is not exhaustive but some factors leading to bladder cancer are shown below:
- Smoking
- Chronic bladder irritation
- Parasitic infections
- Exposure to certain types of chemicals such as aniline dyes
- Occupational hazard such as in industrial printing inks
Symptoms of bladder cancer
- Bladder cancer needs to be excluded in any patient who presents with haematuria (blood in the urine)
- Increased frequency of urination or urgency may also herald bladder cancer
- Advanced stages can present with symptoms relevant to the spread of the disease
Treatment for Bladder Cancer
Treatment for bladder cancer depends on whether the cancer is limited to the urothelium or invaded into the structure (wall) of the bladder. Treatment hence ranges from endoscopic (camera based) resections +/- intravesical therapy (chemotherapy into the bladder) right to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radical surgery or radiotherapy. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for successful long-term outcomes for such cancers.